Textile
fabrics can be produced directly from webs of fibres by bonding, fusing or
interlocking
to make non-woven fabrics and felts, but their physical properties tend
to
restrict their potential end-usage.The mechanical manipulation of yarn into
fabric
is
the most versatile method of manufacturing textile fabrics for a wide range of
end-uses.
There
are three principal methods of mechanically manipulating yarn into textile
fabrics:
interweaving, intertwining and interlooping.All three methods have evolved
from
hand-manipulated techniques through their application on primitive frames
into
sophisticated manufacturing operations on automated machinery.
1
Interweaving (Fig. 1) is the intersection of two sets of straight threads,
warp
and
weft, which cross and interweave at right angles to each other.Weaving is
by
far the oldest and most common method of producing continuous lengths of
straight-edged
fabric.
Interweaving
(Fig. 1)
2
Intertwining and twisting (Fig. 2) includes a number of techniques, such as
braiding and
knotting, where threads are caused to intertwine with each other at right
angles or some other angle. These techniques tend to produce special constructions
whose uses are limited to very specific purposes.
Intertwining and
twisting (Fig. 2)
3
Interlooping (Fig. 3) consists of forming yarn(s) into loops, each of which
is
typically
only released after a succeeding loop has been formed and intermeshed
with
it so that a secure ground loop structure is achieved.The loops are also held
together
by the yarn passing from one to the next. (In the simplified illustration
this
effect is not illustrated.)
Interlooping
(Fig. 3)
Knitting
is the most common method of interlooping and is second only to weaving
as a method of
manufacturing textile products. It is estimated that over 7 million
tons
of knitted goods are produced annually throughout the world. Although the
unique
capability of knitting to manufacture shaped and form-fitting articles has
been
utilised for centuries, modern technology has enabled knitted constructions in
shaped
and unshaped fabric form to expand into a wide range of apparel, domestic
and industrial
end-uses.
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